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- $Unique_ID{BRK03421}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Acrodermatitis Enteropathica}
- $Subject{Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Brandt Syndrome Danbolt-Cross Syndrome
- Zinc Deficiency, Congenital Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy) AE}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 511:
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Acrodermatitis
- Enteropathica) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS
- listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions
- covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Brandt Syndrome
- Danbolt-Cross Syndrome
- Zinc Deficiency, Congenital
- AE
-
- Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy)
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica occurs in two forms; an inborn (congenital)
- form and an acquired form. The inborn form of AE is a rare genetic disorder
- characterized by intestinal abnormalities. Skin inflammation with pimples
- (pustular dermatitis) occurs around the mouth and/or anus, the nails
- (paronychial), and eyes. In the acute phase, irritability and emotional
- disturbances are evident due to wasting (atrophy) of the brain cortex.
-
- Similar symptoms can be caused by special intravenous nutritional
- programs, for patients who cannot eat, which are almost always devoid of
- zinc. This is sometimes referred to as an acquired form of AE.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is characterized by chronic diarrhea which may
- be mild or severe, and the presence of fatty substances in the feces
- (steatorrhea). In the congenital form symptoms start gradually, frequently
- at the time of weaning of an infant. The skin around body openings such as
- the mouth, anus, and eyes; and the skin on elbows, knees, hands, and feet
- becomes inflamed. Skin lesions are usually blistered (vesicobullous) and
- after drying out become psoriasis-like. The skin around the nails may also
- be inflamed and the nail may be abnormal due to malnourished tissue. Hair
- loss on the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows, and inflammation of the membrane
- that lines the eyelid (conjunctivitis), usually also occur.
-
- The blood zinc level in people with the congenital form of this disorder
- is abnormally low. A zinc-binding factor produced by the pancreas may be
- lacking. Breast-fed infants of women with Acrodermatitis Enteropathica may
- also develop lowered blood levels of zinc with other symptoms of this
- disorder, because the milk is deficient in the proper amount of the zinc-
- binding factor.
-
- In the acute phase of AE, brain cortex atrophy may cause irritability and
- mental disturbances. With treatment, patients with Acrodermatitis
- Enteropathica can lead a normal life.
-
- Frequently, long remissions may occur, usually starting during puberty.
- However, in rare cases during pregnancy, women may have a recurrence of the
- disorder.
-
- Causes
-
- The congenital form of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is an autosomal recessive
- genetic disorder in which the enzyme alkaline phosphatase is deficient in the
- blood serum. This, in combination with the possible deficiency of a zinc-
- binding factor, causes malabsorption of zinc in the section of the small
- intestine called the "jejunum". (Human traits including the classic genetic
- diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition,
- one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive
- disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same
- defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one
- gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but
- usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the
- children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is
- twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but
- healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will
- receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically
- normal.)
-
- Some scientists theorize that another form of Acrodermatitis
- Enteropathica may be an autoimmune disorder, caused when the body's natural
- defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms, for unknown reasons,
- suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
-
- Affected Population
-
- The congenital form of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is a rare disorder
- beginning during infancy. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
- Healthy breast-fed infants of female patients with the disorder can also
- become affected. The acquired form of AE is extremely rare because in recent
- years zinc supplements have been added to the parenteral nutrition regimen.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Acrodermatitis
- Enteropathica. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy) is a chronic, hereditary, intestinal
- malabsorption disorder caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. The illness
- is characterized by a flat mucous lining of the jejunum (part of the small
- intestine). Symptoms include weight loss, chronic diarrhea, abdominal
- cramping and bloating, intestinal gas, and muscle wasting. Clinical and/or
- histologic improvement of symptoms follow withdrawal of dietary gluten. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Celiac Sprue" as your search term
- in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is treated with zinc supplements in the form of
- zinc sulfate. These supplements should be given as soon as diagnosis of the
- disorder is made and they have to be continued for life. The drug Diodoquin
- (iodoquinol) is another treatment that usually clears up symptoms within a
- week. If the disorder is caused by intravenous feeding, adding zinc
- supplements to the nutritional regimen can prevent and/or clear up
- manifestations of AE.
-
- Genetic counseling is recommended for families of patients with the
- congenital form of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
- Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
- Crewe CW1 1XN, England
- Telephone: (0270) 250244
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- This report in the Rare Disease Database is based on outlines prepared by
- medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia
- for their course in human genetics, and on the following articles:
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 797-798.
-
- ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES DURING HYPOZINCAEMIA IN ACRODERMATITIS
- ENTEROPATHICA: P.H. Anttila, et al.; Acta Paediatr Scand (November 1986:
- issue 75(6)). Pp. 988-992.
-
- OCULAR HISTOPATHOLOGY OF ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA: J.D. Cameron, et
- al.; British Journal Ophthalmol (September 1986: issue 70(9)). Pp. 662-667.
-
-